{"id":678586,"date":"2024-11-06T16:37:33","date_gmt":"2024-11-06T15:37:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rothschenk.de\/epizoda-50-kto-je-zodpovedny-za-nakladanie-v-podnikoch\/"},"modified":"2025-06-30T16:38:23","modified_gmt":"2025-06-30T14:38:23","slug":"epizoda-50-kto-je-zodpovedny-za-nakladanie-v-podnikoch","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rothschenk.de\/sk\/epizoda-50-kto-je-zodpovedny-za-nakladanie-v-podnikoch\/","title":{"rendered":"Epiz\u00f3da 50: Kto je zodpovedn\u00fd za nakladanie v podnikoch?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Na semin\u00e1roch, podujatiach alebo stretnutiach vo firm\u00e1ch sa o jednej ot\u00e1zke diskutuje rovnako \u010dasto ako kontroverzne, hoci pravidl\u00e1 s\u00fa pomerne jednoduch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n

„A \u010do zodpovednos\u0165?“\u010casto sa mi zd\u00e1, \u017ee d\u00f4vodom je to, \u017ee niektor\u00ed \u013eudia si nechc\u00fa prizna\u0165 nepr\u00edjemn\u00e9 pravdy\/skuto\u010dnosti alebo ich ods\u00favaj\u00fa.<\/p>\n\n

To je v\u0161ak mo\u017en\u00e9 len do ur\u010dit\u00e9ho bodu. V oblasti zaistenia n\u00e1kladu nie je latka nastaven\u00e1 na 60 eur a bod vo Flensburgu, ale na trestn\u00fd \u010din ubl\u00ed\u017eenia na zdrav\u00ed z nedbanlivosti alebo, \u010do je e\u0161te hor\u0161ie, zabitia z nedbanlivosti. Tieto trestn\u00e9 \u010diny m\u00f4\u017eu vznikn\u00fa\u0165 v d\u00f4sledku nedostato\u010dn\u00e9ho alebo nevhodn\u00e9ho \u0161kolenia zamestnancov, nevhodnej organiza\u010dnej \u0161trukt\u00fary, neexistuj\u00facich procesn\u00fdch pokynov a\/alebo nevykon\u00e1vania kontrol. <\/p>\n\n

Jedn\u00fdm z hlavn\u00fdch rozdielov je, \u017ee priestupok u\u017e neoznamuje \u00fastredn\u00fd \u00farad pre pokuty, ale prokur\u00e1tor. Ten p\u00e1tra po zodpovednej osobe a vypo\u010d\u00fava v\u0161etky z\u00fa\u010dastnen\u00e9 osoby, k\u00fdm ju nen\u00e1jde. V pomerne ve\u013ekom po\u010dte spolo\u010dnost\u00ed zost\u00e1va len konate\u013e, preto\u017ee spr\u00e1vne neuplatnil \u00a7 130 OWiG „Poru\u0161enie povinnosti doh\u013eadu v spolo\u010dnostiach a podnikoch“. <\/p>\n\n

V nasleduj\u00facom \u010dl\u00e1nku by som r\u00e1d predstavil nieko\u013eko aspektov a s\u00favislost\u00ed v n\u00e1deji, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00e1 \u00farove\u0148 riadenia pochop\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 povinnosti je potrebn\u00e9 splni\u0165, aby sa konalo v s\u00falade so z\u00e1konom.<\/p>\n\n

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Ak sa chcete\/potrebujete na t\u00fato t\u00e9mu pozrie\u0165 bli\u017e\u0161ie, odpor\u00fa\u010dam v\u00e1m knihu na opa\u010dnej strane. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aj ke\u010f to z n\u00e1zvu nevypl\u00fdva, myslia sa t\u00fdm nadriaden\u00ed a zodpovedn\u00e9 osoby, preto\u017ee \u00faradn\u00edk pre zabezpe\u010denie n\u00e1kladu je poradca a nie zodpovedn\u00e1 osoba.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Viac inform\u00e1ci\u00ed n\u00e1jdete tu.<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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\"Kniha-Sigurd-Ehringer-Ladungssicherung-Rothschenk-Blog\"\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n
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V prvom rade je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 vedie\u0165, \u017ee pri zabezpe\u010dovan\u00ed n\u00e1kladu zohr\u00e1vaj\u00fa \u00falohu dve oblasti pr\u00e1va, ktor\u00e9 sa \u010dasto zamie\u0148aj\u00fa a zamie\u0148aj\u00fa. A to obchodn\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo (HGB alebo CMR) a verejn\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo (StVO). To m\u00f4\u017ee ma\u0165 fat\u00e1lne n\u00e1sledky. Najzrete\u013enej\u0161ie to mo\u017eno ilustrova\u0165 na obchodnej zmluve „ex works“, t. j. na klasickej inkasnej situ\u00e1cii. <\/p>\n\n

Distrib\u00fator uzavrie so z\u00e1kazn\u00edkom k\u00fapnu zmluvu na z\u00e1klade obchodn\u00e9ho pr\u00e1va a dohodne sa, \u017ee z\u00e1kazn\u00edk si tovar vyzdvihne s\u00e1m alebo zabezpe\u010d\u00ed jeho vyzdvihnutie. K prechodu rizika na z\u00e1kazn\u00edka doch\u00e1dza spr\u00edstupnen\u00edm tovaru a podp\u00edsan\u00edm dodac\u00edch dokladov, na ktor\u00fdch je uveden\u00e9 napr\u00edklad „Tovar riadne prevzat\u00fd“. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee dod\u00e1vate\u013e u\u017e nem\u00e1 \u017eiadne z\u00e1v\u00e4zky, preto\u017ee k\u00fapna zmluva bola uzavret\u00e1. Mnoh\u00ed \u013eudia si teraz myslia, \u017ee si m\u00f4\u017eu sadn\u00fa\u0165 a odpo\u010d\u00edva\u0165. <\/p>\n\n

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Je toho v\u0161ak viac.<\/p>\n\n

Na za\u010diatku prepravy sa tovar umiestni na dopravn\u00fd prostriedok alebo do neho. V tomto pr\u00edklade je to \u00faloha vodi\u010da. Z kolegi\u00e1lnych d\u00f4vodov vypom\u00e1ha vodi\u010d vysokozdvi\u017en\u00e9ho voz\u00edka. Pritom vystupuje ako z\u00e1stupca z\u00e1kazn\u00edka. <\/p>\n\n

Zab\u00fada sa v\u0161ak na skuto\u010dnos\u0165, \u017ee povinnos\u0165 zabezpe\u010di\u0165 n\u00e1klad je upraven\u00e1 verejn\u00fdm pr\u00e1vom (\u00a7 22 StVO) a plat\u00ed bez oh\u013eadu na vlastn\u00edctvo tovaru. Nariaden\u00edm EX-Work pre\u0161la na distrib\u00fatora poh\u013ead\u00e1vka vo\u010di z\u00e1kazn\u00edkovi, ale nie povinnos\u0165 zabezpe\u010di\u0165 n\u00e1klad alebo ho skontrolova\u0165. T\u00e1 zost\u00e1va na nakladate\u013eskej spolo\u010dnosti. <\/p>\n\n

Bez oh\u013eadu na ak\u00e9ko\u013evek zmluvy sed\u00ed oproti z\u00e1konodarcovi podnikate\u013e\/konate\u013e alebo ved\u00faci prev\u00e1dzky, ktor\u00fd zastupuje jeho pr\u00e1va a povinnosti. T\u00e1to zodpovednos\u0165 je vyhraden\u00e1 jemu a nem\u00f4\u017ee ju delegova\u0165. To, \u010do je mo\u017en\u00e9 delegova\u0165, je plnenie povinnost\u00ed. T\u00fdmto delegovan\u00edm preber\u00e1 osoba, ktor\u00e1 toto prenesenie prij\u00edma, svoju vlastn\u00fa zodpovednos\u0165. T\u00e1 nie je rovnak\u00e1 ako zodpovednos\u0165 konate\u013ea, ale t\u00fdka sa v\u00fdlu\u010dne plnenia delegovan\u00fdch povinnost\u00ed. <\/p>\n\n

Pri zabezpe\u010dovan\u00ed n\u00e1kladu m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 t\u00e1to povinnos\u0165 delegovan\u00e1 napr\u00edklad na mana\u017e\u00e9ra logistiky, ktor\u00fd je potom zodpovedn\u00fd za splnenie tejto povinnosti. Konate\u013e je v\u0161ak osloboden\u00fd len vtedy, ak toto delegovanie vykon\u00e1 formou p\u00edsomn\u00e9ho„pr\u00edkazu<\/strong>“ v s\u00falade s \u00a7 9 ods. 2 OWiG „konaj\u00fac v mene in\u00e9ho“. <\/p>\n\n

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„(2) Ak je niekto poveren\u00fd vlastn\u00edkom podniku alebo inou opr\u00e1vnenou osobou<\/em><\/em><\/p>\n\n

1. poveren\u00fd riaden\u00edm podniku vcelku alebo \u010diasto\u010dne, alebo<\/em><\/em><\/p>\n\n

2. v\u00fdslovne poveren\u00fd plni\u0165 na vlastn\u00fa zodpovednos\u0165 \u00falohy, ktor\u00e9 prisl\u00fachaj\u00fa vlastn\u00edkovi podniku, a kon\u00e1 na z\u00e1klade tohto poverenia, z\u00e1kon, pod\u013ea ktor\u00e9ho osobitn\u00e9 osobn\u00e9 vlastnosti od\u00f4vod\u0148uj\u00fa mo\u017enos\u0165 potrestania, sa vz\u0165ahuje aj na splnomocnen\u00e9ho z\u00e1stupcu, ak tieto vlastnosti nem\u00e1 on, ale vlastn\u00edk podniku. „<\/em><\/em><\/p>\n\n

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Jedn\u00fdm z naj\u010dastej\u0161\u00edch d\u00f4vodov, pre\u010do sa veci v praxi kazia, je, \u017ee na jednej strane neexistuje „v\u00fdslovn\u00fd (p\u00edsomn\u00fd) mand\u00e1t“ a na druhej strane sa neuzn\u00e1va, \u017ee poveren\u00e1 osoba kon\u00e1 na „vlastn\u00fa zodpovednos\u0165“. Ak tieto rozhoduj\u00face znaky nie s\u00fa pr\u00edtomn\u00e9, konate\u013e zost\u00e1va zodpovedn\u00fd. <\/p>\n\n

Pokia\u013e trest zost\u00e1va v oblasti spr\u00e1vnych deliktov, mana\u017ement \u010dasto vyviazne bez trestu, preto\u017ee kontroln\u00e9 org\u00e1ny s\u00fa s vodi\u010dom n\u00e1kladn\u00e9ho vozidla a vysokozdvi\u017en\u00e9ho voz\u00edka spokojn\u00e9, hoci pr\u00e1vna situ\u00e1cia by umo\u017e\u0148ovala in\u00fd trest. Ak sa v\u0161ak zist\u00ed trestn\u00fd \u010din, vy\u0161etruje ho prokur\u00e1tor a situ\u00e1cia vyzer\u00e1 \u00faplne inak. Potom sa napr\u00edklad presk\u00famaj\u00fa opatrenia prijat\u00e9 na zabr\u00e1nenie trestn\u00e9mu \u010dinu alebo aspo\u0148 na jeho nepravdepodobnos\u0165. <\/p>\n\n

Z\u00e1kladom tak\u00fdchto kontrol je potom \u00a7 130 ods. 1 OWiG „Poru\u0161enie povinnosti doh\u013eadu v spolo\u010dnostiach a podnikoch“. „Ka\u017ed\u00fd, kto ako vlastn\u00edk podniku alebo spolo\u010dnosti\u00famyselne alebo z nedbanlivosti<\/u> poru\u0161\u00ed <\/em>neprijme opatrenia doh\u013eadu<\/em><\/strong>ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa potrebn\u00e9 <\/em>na<\/em><\/strong> v podniku alebo spolo\u010dnosti <\/em>zabr\u00e1ni\u0165 poru\u0161ovaniu povinnost\u00ed<\/em><\/strong>ktor\u00e9 sa vz\u0165ahuj\u00fa na vlastn\u00edka ako tak\u00e9ho a ktor\u00fdch poru\u0161enie sa trest\u00e1 pokutou alebo pen\u00e1le, kon\u00e1 v rozpore s predpismi, ak sa tak\u00e9hoto poru\u0161enia dopust\u00ed<\/u>, <\/em> ktor\u00fdm by sa predi\u0161lo alebo by sa v\u00fdrazne s\u0165a\u017eili riadnym doh\u013eadom<\/em><\/strong>. <\/em>Medzi potrebn\u00e9 opatrenia doh\u013eadu patria aj<\/em><\/strong>vymenovanie<\/u>, starostliv\u00fd v\u00fdber<\/u> a monitorovanie org\u00e1nov doh\u013eadu<\/u>.“<\/em><\/p>\n\n

Dotknut\u00fd podnikate\u013e\/riadite\u013e alebo ved\u00faci prev\u00e1dzky mus\u00ed teraz vysvetli\u0165, ak\u00e9 \u00favahy vykonal a ak\u00e9 opatrenia prijal, aby incidentu zabr\u00e1nil. O „hrub\u00fa organiza\u010dn\u00fa nedbanlivos\u0165“ ide vtedy, ak sa napr\u00edklad v\u00f4bec nekontroluje upevnenie n\u00e1kladu a v d\u00f4sledku toho sa nedaj\u00fa zisti\u0165 z\u00e1vady. <\/p>\n\n

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Z koment\u00e1rov k pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdm rozsudkom mo\u017eno zhrn\u00fa\u0165 nasleduj\u00face body. Povinnos\u0165 doh\u013eadu sa pln\u00ed: <\/p>\n\n

– Vytvorenie vhodnej organiz\u00e1cie spolo\u010dnosti a vymedzenie \u00faloh– Prenesenie \u00faloh na vhodn\u00e9 osoby– Riadne pou\u010denie pr\u00edjemcov pokynov– Vhodn\u00e1 kontrola postupu (dokument\u00e1cia\/z\u00e1znamy\/spr\u00e1vy)– Kontrola pr\u00edjemcov poveren\u00ed (n\u00e1hodn\u00e9 kontroly) (zdroj vr\u00e1tane rozhodnutia Vy\u0161\u0161ieho krajinsk\u00e9ho s\u00fadu v Jene z 2. novembra 2005 – 1 Ss242\/05)<\/p>\n\n

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T\u00fato pr\u00e1vnu situ\u00e1ciu mo\u017eno ilustrova\u0165 aj v\u00fd\u0148atkom z formul\u00e1ra na vypo\u010dutie:<\/p>\n\n

„Povinnos\u0165 zabezpe\u010di\u0165 n\u00e1klad motorov\u00e9ho vozidla v s\u00falade s \u00a7 22 StVO sa vz\u0165ahuje nielen na vodi\u010da a vlastn\u00edka, ale aj na v\u0161etky ostatn\u00e9 osoby z\u00fa\u010dast\u0148uj\u00face sa na procese nakladania. Patr\u00ed sem aj odosielate\u013e n\u00e1kladu. Na z\u00e1klade znalosti rozhoduj\u00facich vlastnost\u00ed n\u00e1kladu, ako je hmotnos\u0165, odolnos\u0165 proti po\u0161myknutiu a materi\u00e1l, m\u00f4\u017ee pr\u00e1ve odosielate\u013e najspo\u013eahlivej\u0161ie pos\u00fadi\u0165 zabezpe\u010denie n\u00e1kladu. Zodpovedn\u00e1 osoba je osoba v podniku, ktorej bol \u00fa\u010dinne a nez\u00e1visle<\/u> pridelen\u00fd doh\u013ead nad nakladacou \u010dinnos\u0165ou. Spravidla to nie je pracovn\u00edk, ktor\u00fd pr\u00e1cu vykon\u00e1va. Ak nedo\u0161lo k \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9mu preneseniu<\/u> zodpovednosti, je zodpovedn\u00fd konate\u013e<\/u> <\/em>.“<\/p>\n\n

Z toho jasne vypl\u00fdva, \u017ee plnenie povinnost\u00ed je v\u017edy na podnikate\u013eovi\/riadite\u013eovi alebo ved\u00facom prev\u00e1dzky. Len organizovan\u00edm procesov v s\u00falade s pr\u00e1vnymi predpismi a spr\u00e1vnym delegovan\u00edm povinnost\u00ed na \u010fal\u0161iu \u00farove\u0148 riadenia sa m\u00f4\u017ee odbremeni\u0165. Je to jedna z najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00edch \u00faloh mana\u017ementu. <\/p>\n\n

Na ot\u00e1zku „a ako to m\u00e1m urobi\u0165?“ odpoviem v \u010fal\u0161om pr\u00edspevku.<\/p>\n\n

D\u00fafam, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd, kto si pre\u010d\u00edta tieto \u010dl\u00e1nky, zostane v obraze a bude netrpezlivo \u010daka\u0165 na \u010fal\u0161\u00ed pr\u00edspevok.<\/p>\n\n

V\u00e1\u0161, Sigurd Ehringer<\/strong><\/p>\n\n

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<< Previous PostEpisode 49: Kto je zodpovedn\u00fd za spr\u00e1vne nakladanie v s\u00falade s K\u00f3dexom \u010cT\u00da?<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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K \u010fal\u0161iemu pr\u00edspevku >><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n

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Sigurd Ehringer<\/p>

\u2714 VDI-zertifizierter Ausbilder f\u00fcr Ladungssicherung\r\n\u2714 Fachbuch-Autor\r\n\u2714 8 Jahre Projektmanager\r\n\u2714 12 Jahre bei der Bundeswehr (Kompaniechef)\r\n\u2714 20 Jahre Vertriebserfahrung\r\n\u2714 seit 1996 Berater\/Ausbilder in der Logistik\r\n\u2714 44 Jahre Ausbilder\/Trainer in verschiedenen Bereichen —>\r\n\r\nIn einer Reihe von Fachbeitr\u00e4gen aus der Praxis, zu Themen rund um den Container und LKW, erhalten Sie Profiwissen aus erster Hand. Wie sichert man Ladung korrekt und was sind die Grundlagen der Ladungssicherung?\r\nErarbeitet und vorgestellt werden sie von Sigurd Ehringer, Inhaber von SE-LogCon<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

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<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Na semin\u00e1roch, podujatiach alebo stretnutiach vo firm\u00e1ch sa o jednej ot\u00e1zke diskutuje rovnako \u010dasto ako kontroverzne, hoci pravidl\u00e1 s\u00fa pomerne jednoduch\u00e9. „A \u010do zodpovednos\u0165?“ \u010casto sa mi zd\u00e1, \u017ee d\u00f4vodom je to, \u017ee niektor\u00ed \u013eudia si nechc\u00fa prizna\u0165 nepr\u00edjemn\u00e9 pravdy\/skuto\u010dnosti alebo ich ods\u00favaj\u00fa. To je v\u0161ak mo\u017en\u00e9 len do ur\u010dit\u00e9ho bodu. V oblasti zaistenia n\u00e1kladu […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1536,"featured_media":678587,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[872,887],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-678586","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cargo-blog-sk","category-pravne-zalezitosti"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nKto je zodpovedn\u00fd za nakladanie v spolo\u010dnostiach?<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Kto je za to zodpovedn\u00fd? \u2714 Kto je zodpovedn\u00fd? \u2714 Je zodpovednos\u0165 prenosn\u00e1? \u2714 Povinnosti a protokoly \u2714 BLOG od Rothschenka\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/rothschenk.de\/sk\/epizoda-50-kto-je-zodpovedny-za-nakladanie-v-podnikoch\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sk_SK\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Kto je zodpovedn\u00fd za nakladanie v spolo\u010dnostiach?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Kto je za to zodpovedn\u00fd? 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